Partially exposed skull of a 7 year old child at the El Portalon site, in Cueva Mayor, in the Sierra de Atapuerca foothills near Burgos, Spain. The skull and skeleton, which date to 5020 to 5030 years ago, show evidence of the child having rickets and scurvy. It is thought that these diseases were a consequence of the adoption of farming, which decreased the variety of food eaten and so led to nutritional deficiencies. Rickets is caused by a lack of vitamin D. It prevents proper mineralisation of the bones, leading to malformations such as curving. Scurvy is caused by a lack of vitamin C. It is essential for collagen formation, which helps to maintain the integrity of bones.