Syrian Jews are Jews who inhabit the region of the modern state of Syria; and their descendants born outside Syria. Syrian Jews derive their origin from two groups: from the Jews who inhabited the region of today's Syria from ancient times (known as Musta'arabi Jews; and sometimes classified as Mizrahi Jews; a generic term for the Jews with an extended history in the Middle East or North Africa); and from the Sephardi Jews (referring to Jews with an extended history in the Iberian Peninsula; i.e. Spain and Portugal) who fled to Syria after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain (1492 CE).

There were large communities in Aleppo and Damascus for centuries; and a smaller community in Qamishli on the Turkish border near Nusaybin. In the first half of the 20th century a large percentage of Syrian Jews emigrated to the U.S.; Central and South America and Israel. Most of the remaining Jews left in the 28 years following 1973. Today there are about 25 Jews in Syria; all of them living in Damascus. The largest Syrian Jewish community is located in Brooklyn; New York and is estimated at 75;000 strong. There are smaller communities elsewhere in the United States and in Latin America.